Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors present a versatile platform for biochemical processes. Their design consists of an array of hollow fibers, serving as separation layers. Fine-tuning the arrangement and material properties of these fibers is essential for achieving efficient product yield. Key des

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a promising technology for wastewater treatment due to their high efficiency in removing both organic and inorganic pollutants. This article presents a thorough performance evaluation of PVDF membrane bior